Insecticide Modes of Action
Below is a list of the insecticides and acaricides used for pests of California citrus classified by their mode-of-action (In part from IRAC [Insecticide Resistance Action Committee], Sept. 2005, www.irac-online.org). Note that materials with a * or # are not registered on bearing citrus [#] or registration is limited to certain varieties (^,^^) or not registered yet on citrus in CA (*).
To avoid selecting for resistance in citrus pests, try to use insecticides from different groups (modes of action) during the season.
|
Group |
Primary target site |
Chemical sub-group or [exemplifying active ingredient] |
Pesticides in the group |
|
1A |
Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors |
Carbamates |
Sevin (carbaryl), Lannate (methomyl), Carzol (formetanate hydrochloride) |
|
1B |
Organophosphates |
Lorsban (chlorpyrifos), Supracide (methidathion), Cygon (dimethoate), Dibrom (naled), malathion, Guthion (azinphos-methyl) |
|
|
3 |
Sodium channel modulators |
Pyrethroids; Pyrethrins |
Baythroid (cyfluthrin), Danitol (fenpropathrin); Pyrethrins & Pyrethrum |
|
4 |
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists / antagonists |
Neonicotinoids |
Admire (systemic imidacloprid), Provado (foliar imidacloprid), Assail (acetamiprid), Platinum* (thiamethoxam), Venom* (dinotefuran) |
|
5 |
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists (not group 4) |
Spinosyns |
Success/ Entrust (spinosad), Delegate* (spinetoram) |
|
6 |
Chloride channel activators |
Avermectins |
Agri-Mek/ Zoro/ Clinch (abamectin) |
|
7C |
Juvenile hormone mimics |
[pyriproxyfen] |
Esteem (pyriproxyfen) |
|
9A |
Compounds of unknown or non-specific mode of action |
[cryolite] |
Kryocide (cryolite) |
|
10 |
Compounds of unknown or non-specific mode of action (mite growth inhibitors) |
[hexythiazox] |
Onager/ Savey# (hexythiazox), Zeal# (etoxazole) |
|
11B2 |
Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes |
Microbial pesticides |
Dipel, Javelin/ MVP (Bacillus thuringiensis products) |
|
12 |
Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, disruptors of ATP formation |
[propargite] Organotin miticides |
Omite (propargite) Vendex (fenbutatin oxide) |
|
15 |
Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, Lepidopteran |
Benzoylureas |
Micromite^^/ Dimilin* (diflubenzuron) |
|
16 |
Inbibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, Homopteran |
[buprofezin] |
Applaud (buprofezin) |
|
20 |
Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors (Coupling site II) |
[acequinocyl] |
Kanemite^ (acequinocyl) |
|
21 |
Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors |
METI acaricides |
Nexter (pyridaben), FujiMite (fenproximate) |
|
23 |
Inhibitors of lipid synthesis |
Tetronic acid derivatives |
Envidor (spirodiclofen), Movento* (spirotetramat) |
|
25 |
Neuronal inhibitors (unknown mode of action) |
[bifenazate] |
Acramite# (bifenazate) |
|
27 |
Synergists |
P450-dependent monooxygenase inhibitors |
Piperonyl butoxide |
|
-- |
Unclassified |
[dicofol] |
Kelthane (dicofol) |
|
-- |
Unclassified |
[NR-415 Oil] |
Various petroleum oils |
|
-- |
Unclassified |
[Spray Sulfur 97%] |
Various sulfur formulations |
* Check registration status; not registered for use on California citrus as of September 2007.
# Check registration status; registered for use only on non-bearing citrus as of September 2007.
^ Registered only oranges, grapefruit and lemons.
^^Registered only on oranges, grapefruit, tangerines and pummelos.